RED Network

Partially.

Qualitative Info

The ICERD was ratified by the Legislative Decree 494/1970; it was transposed in Greek legislation with the Law 927/1979. In the Article 1 of the Law 927/1979, it is stipulated that "Whoever publicly, either orally or through the press or through written texts or illustrations or all other means, encourages acts or activities that can provoke discriminations, hatred or violence against persons or groups of persons solely because of his racial or ethnic origin or his religion, is punished with two years imprisonment or fine or both" [«Όστις δημοσίως, είτε προφορικώς είτε διά του τύπου ή διά γραπτών κειμένων ή εικονογραφήσεων ή παντός ετέρου μέσου εκ προθέσεως προτρέπει εις πράξεις ή ενεργείας δυναμένας να προκαλέσουν διακρίσεις, μίσος ή βίαν κατά προσώπων ή ομάδες προσώπων εκ μόνου του λόγου της φυλετικής ή εθνικής καταγωγής του ή του θρησκεύματος, τιμωρείται με φυλάκισιν μέχρι δύο ετών ή με χρηματικήν ποινήν ή και δι’ αμφοτέρων των ποινών τούτων»].

The Law 927/1979 is currently to be abolished through a new law draft against racist hatred, which is implementing the Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA combating racism and xenophobia.

If we compare this definition with the definition provided by the Art. 1. of the ICERD ("In this Convention, the term "racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life"), we see a partial conformity of Greek legislation.

External Url http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/c8827c35-4399-4fbb-8ea6-aebdc768f4f7/snrats.pdf

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

Law 3304/2005, art. 3 defines direct and indirect discrimination, according to the 2000/43/EC Directive, and in art. 2.2 harassment is included and defined as discrimination.

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Source:

• Hellenic Official Gazette, FEK 16-2205, 27.01.2005, Law 3304/2005, http://nomoi.info/Ν-3304-2005.html, Accessed on 24.2.2013.

External Url http://www.synigoros.gr/diakriseis/docs/Nomos3304.pdf

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

Law 3304/2005 covers all grounds of discrimination as in EU Directives, but it does not cover additional discrimination grounds.

In its 4th report for Greece, ECRI notes that: While recognizing that the adoption of Law 3304/2005 is a positive step in the fight against, inter alia, racial discrimination, ECRI recommends extending its scope to discrimination based on colour, language and nationality as recommended in its General Policy Recommendation No.7 on national legislation to combat racism and racial discrimination.

---

Source:

• Hellenic Official Gazette, FEK 16-2205, 27.01.2005, Law 3304/2005, http://nomoi.info/Ν-3304-2005.html, Accessed on 24.2.2013.
•  

External Url http://www.synigoros.gr/diakriseis/docs/Nomos3304.pdf; http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_04/04_CbC_eng/GRC-CbC-IV-2009-031-ENG.pdf

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Yes

Qualitative Info

According to Law 927/1979 “on punishing acts or activities aiming at racial discrimination” hate crime is defined as incitement to hatred or violence against individuals or groups on grounds of racial or ethnic origin:

(a) to willfully and publicly, either orally or by the press or by written texts or through pictures or any other means, incite to acts or activities which may result in discrimination, hatred or violence against individuals or groups of individuals on the sole grounds of the latter’s racial or ethnic origin or [by virtue of article 24 of Law 1419/1984] religion;

(b) to form or participate in organizations with intent to organize propaganda or any kind of activities tending to racial discrimination;

(c) to express publicly, either orally or by the press or by written texts or through pictures or any other means offensive ideas against any individual or group of individuals on the grounds of the latter’s racial or national origin or religion.

(d) to refuse, in the exercise of one’s occupation, to provide goods or supply services on the sole grounds of racial or national origin or religion or to subject the aforementioned activities to conditions related to racial or national origin or religion.

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Yes

Qualitative Info

Hste speech is defined as:

1. incitement to acts or activities which may result in discrimination, hatred or violence against individuals or groups of individuals on the sole grounds of the latter’s racial or ethnic origin or religion.

2. public expression of offensive ideas against any individual or group of individuals on the grounds of the latter’s racial or ethnic origin or religion.

3. propaganda or any kind of activities tending to racial discrimination

In particular, Law 927/1979 “on punishing acts or activities aiming at racial discrimination” penalizes:

(a) to willfully and publicly, either orally or by the press or by written texts or through pictures or any other means, incite to acts or activities which may result in discrimination, hatred or violence against individuals or groups of individuals on the sole grounds of the latter’s racial or national origin or [by virtue of article 24 of Law 1419/1984] religion;

(c) to express publicly, either orally or by the press or by written texts or through pictures or any other means offensive ideas against any individual or group of individuals on the grounds of the latter’s racial or national origin or religion.

(b) to form or participate in organizations with intent to organize propaganda or any kind of activities tending to racial discrimination;

(c) to express publicly, either orally or by the press or by written texts or through pictures or any other means offensive ideas against any individual or group of individuals on the grounds of the latter’s racial or national origin or religion.

(d) to refuse, in the exercise of one’s occupation, to provide goods or supply services on the sole grounds of racial or national origin or religion or to subject the aforementioned activities to conditions related to racial or national origin or religion.

Soft law tools against racist and hate speech (Source: HLHR-KEMO/i-RED RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU - Greece)

Soft law is the Code of Conduct (“Kodikas Deontologhias”) for radio and television. Article 23 of the above Code (dated 07.03.2000), entitled “vulnerable population groups”, proscribes the transmission of, among others, racist or xenophobic messages and characterisations as well as of intolerant statements. It is also prescribed that special effort should be made by Greek radio and television so that no ethnic or religious minorities, or other “vulnerable or weak population groups”, are offended.
The Code of Conduct of the Athens Journalists’ Association contains a provision (article 1) which enjoins journalists to impart information without any prejudice related to their racial or cultural ideas or opinions. The same provision provides for the journalists’ obligation to provide redress in cases where there has been transmitted information offending an individual’s honour or personality.

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No distinct definition of racist incident, although racist motivation is an aggravating circumstance in sentencing

Qualitative Info

There is no distinct definition of racist incident, although racist motivation is an aggravating circumstance in sentencing.

Lack of a clear definition of 'racist incident', 'racist violence' or 'racist motive' lead to no police case ever initiated on these grounds, although NGOs, international and civil society racist violence reporting mechanisms, report a plethora of racist attacks and incidents occured in Greece.

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Source:

• Pavlou M & Prearis K, 2010, RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU - Greece, http://www.red-network.eu/?i=red-network.en.library.195, Accessed on 24.2.2013.

 

External Url http://www.red-network.eu/?i=red-network.en.library.195

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Yes

Qualitative Info

Establishing or participating in organisations that aim at organising propaganda or activities of any form whatsoever, leading to racial discrimination ise penalised according Law 927/1979.

The Law 927/1979, stipulates in its art.1 that:

"1.Whoever publicly, either orally or through the press or through written texts or illustrations or all other means, encourages acts or activities that can provoke discriminations, hatred or violence against persons or groups of persons solely because of his racial or ethnic origin or his religion, is punished with two.

2. The above-mentioned penalties are dealt with by the same provision in cases where someone establishes or participates in organisations that aim at organising propaganda or activities of any form whatsoever, leading to racial discrimination.

In the new law draft which abolishes law n.927/1979 and amends the law framework combating racism and hate speech - approved by the Cabinet of Ministers on 12 october 2011 and introduced in the Parliament in early 2012 - the scope of antiracist legislation covers race, colour, religion, national or ethnic origin, and sexual orientation (Art. 3.1).

However, unlike the law n.927/1979 the law draft under palriament discussion does not punish propaganda, promotion and incitement to racial discrimination as such, but only when such actions incite or lead to violence or hatred against groups of individuals or an individual, defined on the basis of race, skin color, religion, genetic descent, ethnic or national origin or sexual orientation.

 

External Url http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/c8827c35-4399-4fbb-8ea6-aebdc768f4f7/snrats.pdf

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Yes

Qualitative Info

As reported by NGOs and organisation providing support to victims, racially motivated crime is rarely reported to the authorities.

This is no surprise given that it is reported that public officials, police officers, coast guards, are among the most frequently reported alleged perpetrator groups throughout the years 2007-2010. Almost for half of the unofficially reported hate crimes perpetrators are allegedly public officers [1].

Additionally, according to EU MIDIS Roma Greek Roma top the table regarding underreporting and ignorance of the right to appeal to an equality body against discrimination [2].

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Source:

1. Pavlou M & Prearis K, 2010, RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU - Greece, ?i=red-network.en.library.195, Accessed on 24.2.2013.
2. FRA, 2009, EU-MIDIS - Data in Focus Roma, http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/EU-MIDIS_ROMA_EN.pdf, Accessed o 24.2.2013.

 

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No

Qualitative Info

Instead it is reported that public officials, police officers, coast guards, are among the most frequently reported alleged perpetrator groups throughout the years 2007-2010. Almost for half of the unofficially reported hate crimes perpetrators are allegedly public officers [1].

Additionally, according to EU MIDIS Roma Greek Roma top the table regarding ethnic profiling and police stops' experiences among other ethnic and targeted groups in all European countries [2].

In its 4th report on Greece ECRI and recommendation 84, ECRI recommended that the Greek authorities combat racist crimes more actively and draw inspiration from the provisions of its General Policy Recommendation No. 11 on combating racism and racial discrimination in policing to that end, including the ones addressing the issue of arrests and prosecutions

---

Source:

 

1. Pavlou M & Prearis K, 2010, RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU - Greece, ?i=red-network.en.library.195, Accessed on 24.2.2013.
2. FRA, 2009, EU-MIDIS - Data in Focus Roma, http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/EU-MIDIS_ROMA_EN.pdf, Accessed o 24.2.2013.

 

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No.

Qualitative Info

ECRI in its April 2009 4^th cycle report on Greece regreted that Law 927/1979[1] continues to be rarely applied although information indicates cases of incitement to racial hatred in Greece.[1]

The law has been never applied by Greek courts after an ex officio prosecution. Greek judges apply the anti-racist legilation, in very few court cases brought to justice after petition by human rights NGOs (mainly the Greek Helsinki Monitor, and alos the group of lawyers to the support of migrants and refugees, KIS, antinazi initiative):

In an anti-semitic hate speech case (the Plevris case), which received much public attention, his acquittal was based on the court judgement, validated by the Supreme Court, that racial origin was not the sole ground for hate speech through an anti-Semitic book.The court decision could be easily recorded as an incident of anti-Semitic hate speech: “the defendant does not revile the Jews solely because of their racial and ethnic origin, but mainly because of their aspirations to world power, the methods they use to achieve these aims, and their conspiratorial activities.” [1] After the acquittal the Public prosecutor pressed charges against members of Antinazi Initiative for "dissemination of false news that may provoke unrest to citizens" after they stated that two specific public prosecutors and one judge defended K. Plevris by expressing unprecedented anti-Semitic and pro-nazi positions

---

Source: HLHR-KEMO/i-RED RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU - Greece

 

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Yes

Qualitative Info

"The motives of the crime are taken into account when determining the sentence so racist motives can be considered as aggravating circumstances. According to the article 23 of Law 3719/2008, amending article 79 of the Criminal Code (Presidential Decree n.283/1985), committing an offence on the basis of, inter alia, ethnic, racial or religious hatred is considered an aggravating circumstance.[1]

---

 

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Yes, but rarely applied

Qualitative Info

As ECRI notes in its 4th Report on Greece: In October 2008, the Greek legislation was amended to provide for the racist motivation of a crime to be considered as an aggravating circumstance, as recommended in ECRI’s General Policy Recommendation No. 7 on national legislation to combat racism and racial discrimination.Aggravating cicumstances is provide by Greek law.

ECRI recommends to the Greek authorities that the initial and on-going training provided to judges and prosecutors emphasise the legislation against racism in general, and in particular the new ones which provide for the racist motivation of a crime to be considered an aggravating circumstance at sentencing.

---

Source:

ECRI Report on Greece, fourth monitoring cycle, September 2009, http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/Country-by-country/Greece/GRC-CbC-IV-2009-031-ENG.pdf, Accessed on 24.2.2013.

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No

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Yes

Qualitative Info

it is reported that public officials, police officers, coast guards, are among the most frequently reported alleged perpetrator groups throughout the years 2007-2010. Almost for half of the unofficially reported hate crimes perpetrators are allegedly public officers.

---

Source: HLHR-KEMO RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU - Greece

In a number of ECHR cases, Greece was found in violation of the Charter, for ill-treatment against mgirants and refugees and in many cases beatings, rape and racial violence by police or port guard officers were reported. Exemplary cases: CASE OF M.S.S. v. Belgium & Greece, Zontul vs Greece

In its 4th report on Greece ECRI and recommendation 84, ECRI recommended that the Greek authorities combat racist crimes more actively and draw inspiration from the provisions of its General Policy Recommendation No. 11 on combating racism and racial discrimination in policing to that end, including the ones addressing the issue of arrests and prosecutions.

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Yes. Golden Dawn is an extreme right party, of neonazi orientation, represented in the Greek Parliament with 18 seats (6,97%).

Represented in government/parliament? Yes

Qualitative Info

Golden Dawn is a far-right party of neonazi inspiration, often expressing admiration of Nazi figures and period. It is led by Nikolaos Mihaliliakos. It increased rapidly its political profile by receiving almost 7% of the popular vote in the consecutive May and June Elections in Greece. It is represented in the 2012 Parliament with 18 seats (out of 300).  Racist violence against migrants and minorities by black dressed extremist groups has escalated in Greece after the Golden Dawn’s electoral success http://www.xagr.net/

 

There is the parliamentary party Popular orthodox Alert (LAOS) that obtained in the last legislative elections in 2009, 5.63%. It participates from 11/11/2011 in the coalition government with one minister (Infrastructure, Transport & Networks) and three deputy ministers (National Defense, Development, Competitivity & Marine, and Rural Development & Food).

The parliamentary party Popular Orthodox Alert (LAOS) obtained in the 2009 legislative elections, 5.63%. It is led by Yorgos Karatzaferis. It participated briefly in the coalition government (11/11/2011-2/2012) with one minister (Infrastructure, Transport & Networks) and three deputy ministers (National Defense, Development, Competitivity & Marine, and Rural Development & Food). LAOS did not manage to enter the Greek Parliament in the 2012 elections http://www.laos.gr/laos.asp

External Url http://www.xagr.net/

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Yes. Golden Dawn, LAOS.

Parties Laikos Orthodoxos Synagermos (LAOS) Popular Orthodox Alert, Chrysi Avgi (Golden Dawn) Size - Membership 425.990 voters voted for Golden Dawn at the June 2012 elections Electoral power Golden Dawn: 6.97% (2012 national elections), 5.29% (2010 municipal elections in Athens) LAOS: 2.86% (2012 national elections)

Qualitative Info

Chrysi Avgi (‘Golden Dawn’) was founded as a political organisation in the ‘80s. It was registered as a political party in 1993 (the magazine 'Chrysi Avgi' started publishing in 1980). Between 2005 and 2007 it had been absorbed by the Patriotic Alliance which ceased its operations after the withdrawal of support by the GD leader, Nikolaos Mihaloliakos. It has participated in national and European elections, as part of the Patriotic Alliance until 2007, and as autonomous list since 2009. In the 2010 municipal elections they have elected for the first time a municipal councilor in the City of Athens. It is accused to have committed series of attacks against immigrants, and antiracist citizens. It increased rapidly its political profile by receiving almost 7% of the popular vote in the consecutive May and June Elections in Greece. Currently it is represented in the Parliament with 21 seats. Throughout 2012 ‘Golden Dawn’ has seen its popular support increasing – as recorded by polls – despite violent incidents and illegal practices by its Parliament deputies and members.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)

More info:

·  The Guardian, Greece's Golden Dawn isn't a political party – it's more like a criminal gang, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/sep/04/greece-golden-dawn-not-political-party Accessed on 4.9.2012.

·  The Business Insider, Greek Neo-Nazis Golden Dawn Are The Only Major Party To Gain Popularity Since Elections. http://www.businessinsider.com/support-for-neo-nazi-golden-dawn-party-tops-10-in-greece-2012-9 Accessed on 6.9.2012

·  The Telegraph, Rise of neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party leads to spate of immigrant attacks in Greece, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/9330223/Rise-of-neo-Nazi-Golden-Dawn-party-leads-to-spate-of-immigrant-attacks-in-Greece.html Accessed on 13 June 2012.

·  Petition for a Judicial Investigation against Golden Dawn. Investigate Greece´s Golden Dawn neo-Nazi Party. http://www.avaaz.org/en/petition/Investigate_the_Golden_Dawn_neoNazi_Party_of_Greece/ Accessed on 12.9.2012

·  Ekathimerini,  Lawmakers can be arrested in some cases, says prosecutor, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_18/09/2012_461912 18.9.2012

·  Ekathimerini, Golden Dawn, police at loggerheads, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_10/09/2012_460610, 10.9.2012

An article on factors contributing to the rise o hate speech in Greek society and a neonazi party in the Parliament (in Greek):

Pavlou M., The rise of hate speech/ when a plane crashes: http://www.protagon.gr/?i=protagon.el.article&id=16651 6.7.2012.

Google translation: http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=el&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=el&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.protagon.gr%2F%3Fi%3Dprotagon.el.article%26id%3D16651&act=url

 

LAOS was founded in 2000. It elects European MP since 2004, and national MPs since 2007. It participates with candidates in all elections (regional and local). The program of the party  contains a section on irregular immigrants, considering them to be ‘the most serious plague of the Greek society today’ http://www.laos.gr/press/press270807_1.htm

For the first time since 2007, in May and June 2012 LAOS did not manage to achieve more than the threshold of 3% of the vote, and was not represented in the 2012 elected Parliament.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Orthodox_Rally

 

External Url http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)

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Yes. It is considered to be one of the factors favouring the electoral rise of the neonazi Golden Dawn.

Qualitative Info

It is widely considered by scholars and commentators, that the electoral rise of the extreme right in Greece is based on the widespread xenophobic speech and the acceptance or endorsement of its core anti-migrant and pro-discrimination rhetoric.

Golden Dawn party’s representatives (leader, deputies and members) openly express hate speech against migrants and minorities. 

Representatives of Popular Orthodox Alert (LAOS), which participates in the coalition government in the period November 2011 -February 2012, have repeatedly expressed racist/xenophobic and antisemitic views.

Although the two traditionally major parties (PASOK and Nea Dimokratia) had in the past and still host members with nationalist views, a certain attention is paid when it comes to these issues.

For an apprehensive overview of hate/racist-xenophobic discourse in the political sphere, see Pavlou M., Prearis K. (2010), RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU – Greece.

A report on the introduction and consolidation of hate speech through political debates and media in Greece:

RAXEN - Human rights issues and debates during the 2009 EU Parliament election campaign: http://www.i-red.eu/?i=institute.en.publications.303

External Url http://www.i-red.eu/?i=institute.en.publications.303

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Yes.

Organisations LAOS; Chrysi Avgi

Qualitative Info

Golden Dawn. Before elected in the Parliament has been a nation-wide organization with local offices, expressing racist and xenophobic discourse in the public sphere. After its electoral success, both national level party representatives and local militia and organisations of Golden Dawn are widely expressing openly xenophobic or hate speech towards migrants and minorities (Roma, LGBT-persons with disabilities).

Members and supporters of Chrysi Avgi are 'saluting' the performance of their candidate in 2010 municipal elections in Athens.

External Url http://www.neolaialaos.gr/; http://xryshaygh.wordpress.com/

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Only partial projects in the framework of EU-funded programmes have been developed and implemented.

Qualitative Info

Greek state has not adopted yet a National Action Plan against Racism (following The Durban Conference as well as its follow-up Conference), neither a National Human Rights Action Plan (following the recommendation by the UN World Conference on Human Rights that took place in Vienna in 1993).

 

External Url http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session11/GR/NCHR_NationalCommissionforHumanRights-eng.pdf

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No.

Qualitative Info

Several projects, such as antiracist festivals, are held in different cities, but they are based on local initiatives, mostly stemming from civil society agents.

External Url http://www.antiracistfestival.gr/

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

There are many NGOs whose principal objective and activity is to combat racism and xenophobia. Among them, the most prominent are:

Network of Social Support for Refugees and Migrants
Greek Council for Refugees
Hellenic League for Human Rights
Greek Helsinki Monitor
ARSIS
PRAKSIS
“Deport Racism” movement
Youth against Racism in Europe (Greek section)
Thessaloniki Antiracist initiative

 

External Url http://galaxy.hua.gr/~metanastes/MKO_Metanaston.pdf

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There are several NGOs whose principal objectives relate to opposing racism.

Organisations Hellenic League for Human Rights, Greek Helsinki Monitor, Network of Social Support for Refugees and Migrants, “Deport Racism” M

Qualitative Info

The Hellenic League for Human Rights is the oldest Non Governmental Organization for human rights protection and promotion in Greece. The League was founded in 1953, in the aftermath of the Greek civil war including in its board eminent personalities from the political and academic field. The League, since its foundation, is the affiliated member of the International Federation for Human Rights (Fédération Internationale des Droits de l’Homme) and represents the Federation’s human rights network in the country. The dictatorship of 1967 banned the functioning of the Greek League for Human Rights and its members were persecuted until the end of the regime. The president of the League, Professor Phaedon Vegleris, was the basic witness before the European Court of Human Rights at the notorious Greek case against the military regime, which culminated in the expulsion of Greece from the Council of Europe. The League recommenced its activities in 1974.
Since 2007 HLHR with the Research Centre for Minority Groups (KEMO) is the Greek National Focal Point on Racism and Xenophobia (RAXEN network), in cooperation with the European Union Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA). HLHR-KEMO cooperates with the Greek Ombudsman and the Greek Forum of Migrants as subcontracting partners. http://www.hlhr.gr/hlhr-kemo/hlhr-kemo.htm

The Greek Helsinki Monitor, founded in 1993, monitors, publishes, lobbies, and litigates on human and minority rights and anti-discrimination issues in Greece and, occasionally, in the Balkans. It monitors Greek and, when opportunity arises, Balkan media for stereotypes and hate speech. It issues press releases and prepares (usually jointly with other NGOs) detailed annual reports; parallel reports to UN Treaty Bodies; and specialised reports on ill-treatment and on ethno-national, ethno-linguistic, religious and immigrant communities, in Greece and in other Balkan countries.

The Network of Social Support for Refugees and Migrants was founded in 1995, with the aim of taking coordinated action against racism and nationalism and standing up for the rights of migrants and refugees. Through structures of hands-on solidarity (support bureau, greek classes, etc.) as well as through interventions, both political and social, we stand up for better living and working conditions for migrants in Greece. We meet every Monday at 9:00 in the Migrants’ Place where, along with migrants and refugees, we organize our activities.

“Deport Racism” Movement was established in 2007. It is a common organization of immigrants and Greeks against xenophobia, racism and fascism. For equal rights to all immigrants and refugees.
Activities include:
 denunciation and publication of racist attitude and discrimination practices by authorities
 participation in the antiracist and immigrants movement, for legalization and equal rights, against racist attacks, for the marginalization of racist and fascist organizations
 legal assistance for victims of racist violence
 antiracist campaigns
 communication with authorities for immigrants’ and refugees’ issues
 social support for immigrants: including legal assistance, greek language lessons and health issues
 cultural events organization, participation in antiracist festivals
 cooperation with labor unions, antiracist organizations, immigrant communities and local authorities

The Greek section of Youth against Racism in Europe is a youth organization, with immigrants-asylum seekers and second generation of immigrants’ branches. Its members are concentrated in 12 Greek cities (amongst them Athens and Thessalonica). The majority of the members are school and universities students and of course immigrants. Some of their campaigns were: 1) after a 4 years campaign for the rehabilitation of the victims of the worst ever racist murderous attack in Greece, both victims (Tomy Koffi Marcus and Timothy Abdul) were granted with humanitarian residence permits and welfare benefits for disables. 2) Release of more than 70 undocumented immigrants who started a hunger strike because they were “forgotten” for months in detention, after our solidarity campaign 3) The cancellation of the European Fascist camping that 5 European neo-fascist organizations were planning to have in Greece (September 2005). The same for many other public activities that Greek fascists were organizing just to apply their propaganda of hate, etc. Annually they organize an Antiracist camping during summer with 4-500 participants. They participate in the Greek Social Forum and the Coordinating Committee of Antiracist and Immigrants' Organizations, which were at the forefront for the establishment of the Antiracist festivals that are now taking place in several Greek cities. Their most important campaign for the next period is for the rights of the second generation of immigrants. The title of the campaign is “we have a dream…” and second generation of immigrants themselves run this campaign.

Thessaloniki Antiracist Initiative is a grass root organisation active in political support and manifestations in favour of immigrants and minorities and towards the protection of their rights. The range of such voluntary 7activities includes protests, festivals, press releases and conferences, visits and manifestations in detention camps and other sites.

External Url www.hlhr.gr; http://cm.greekhelsinki.gr/; http://tsamadou13-15.espivblogs.net/; www.ksm.gr; www.yregreece.blogspot.com; www.socialcenter.gr

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Yes

Qualitative Info

The most notable example, among many, is the Law 3838/2010 on the revision of Greek Nationality Code. The Hellenic League for Human Rights had proposed in the framework of a campaign as early as 2009 a draft law for the revision of Nationality Code towards a more inclusive regulation. Many of the provisions were included in the initial draft adopted by the government in early 2010.

External Url http://hlhr.gr/list.php?ct=22

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Only partially.

Qualitative Info

The National Committee for the Social Integration of Migrants (introduced by the Law 3536/2007) is comprised by General Secretaries of eight ministries, the President of the Hellenic Migration Policy Institute (shut down in May 2010 after a decision of the Minister of Interior), representatives of local authorities, of the Greek-orthodox Church, University Professors, and representatives of parliamentary political parties, trade unions, associations of employers, of the International Organisation for Migration and of the Athens Bar Association. No migrant organisations neither NGOs supporting migrants are entitled to participate.

Anti-racist, anti-discrimination and victim group organisations are called for consulting at the Parliament (see for example, http://www.africanwomen.gr/?p=686) or in the case of preparation of specific legislation, e.g. the revision of asylum regulation (2010-2011).

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Yes

Qualitative Info

Greek Helsinki Monitor

50 cases led to formal judicial and court procedures (no breakdown by year available).
Cases leading to sanctions:
2003 1 court case
2004 2 court cases (1 ECHR case included)
2005 4 court cases (1 ECHR case included)
2006 5 court cases
2007 7 court cases (5 ECHR cases included)
2008 1 court case (1 ECHR case included)

The Hellenic League for Human Rights in the past has chosen cases to bring before the court as a form of strategic litigation or to defend. Most cases brought before the court concern the period prior to 2000. HLHR is known as the basic witness before the European Court of Human Rights at the Greek case against the dictatorship, which resulted to the expulsion of Greece from the Council of Europe. There is no statistical breakdown of cases from 2000 onwards, while in such cases HLHR has intervened during court proceeding as a witness but not representing them victims or defendants.

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

As indicated in the Fourth report of ECRI, "at Police Academies, in the context of teaching Constitutional Law, human rights in general and the issues of racism and xenophobia in particular are examined. They have also indicated that in 2008, they invited lecturers to discuss the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court on Human Rights at Police Academies. The National Security and Training Academies also assign projects to students on subjects such as “Roma: Social Behaviour, Permanent Establishment, Protection” and “Prohibition of Racist Discourse as a Constitutional Problem”. It does not appear, however, that issues pertaining to racism and racial discrimination are included in fixed teaching modules at these establishments."

In addition, seminars are organised within specific projects, such as the Vocational training and awareness to  police officers about trafficking held in several cities (http://www.antigone.gr/en/projects/files/ydas.pdf)

External Url http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/Country-by-country/Greece/GRC-CbC-IV-2009-031-ENG.pdf; http://www.astynomia.gr/images/stories/DOCS/photo22330_odhgos_spoudwn.pdf

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No

Qualitative Info

The Greek Confederation of Police Officers (POASY) is trying to promote an antiracist discourse through articles in their monthly newspaper Nea astynomia (New Police) or through seminars adressed to its members.

External Url http://www.poasy.gr/web/

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No

Qualitative Info

There is no legal definition / sanctioning of ethnic profiling.

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Yes

Data No data available

Qualitative Info

According to 2009-2010 ENAR Shadow Report on Greece, "Policing and ethnic profiling is a frequent occurrence in Greece, especially on people who appear to be immigrants or refugees and those belonging to the Roma community. Most often this is done without a particular reason, such as a crime was committed and the police are searching for the suspects in the area. The Greek Roma community are the most heavily policed group."

According to 2010 EU-MIDIS research by FRA (Data in Focus Report: Police Stops and Minorities), "Roma respondents in Greece are also heavily policed – 56% of all respondents from this group were stopped in the last 12 months; 39% of all Roma interviewed in Greece said  they were stopped specifically because of their ethnicity, and only 17% indicated that their experiences of police stops were not connected with their ethnicity."

External Url http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/Greece.pdf; http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/EU-MIDIS-police.pdf

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No data available for this issue

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Racist incidents and crimes were not recorded by the police authorities until December 2012, when a network of 68 competent Police directorates throughout the country and 2 central Departments are assigned the task of collecting data and reporting on racist violence.

Qualitative Info

 

Racist incidents and crimes were not recorded by the police authorities until December 2012, when a network of 68 competent Police directorates throughout the country and 2 central Departments are assigned the task of collecting data and reporting on racist violence.

The 70 new local/regional Police offices against racist violence announced by the Greek Public order minister started to operate on January 2013. They are staffed by 200 police officers in 68 offices throughout the country + 2 central departments in Athens.
There is also a new countrywide hotline (11414) and an online form for reporting racist crime.
These police offices have been set up on the basis of the PD 132/2012 and they provide a number of services to victims with the clear mandate to combat hate motivate crimes (or incitement to) or actions which may cause discrimination, hate or violence against persons or groups of persons because of their race, colour, religion, ethnic or national origin. Moreover the mandate of these offices is:
- intervene also on own initiative in investigating and persecuting crimes concerning public incitement, provoking or stimulation to the commission of offenses or event acts or actions that can lead to discrimination, hatred or violence against persons or group of persons because of race, skin colour, religion, descent and national or ethnic origin. 
- aim at cooperating with civil society and victim organisations and to prevention of RV undertaking or supporting positive initiatives.
- keep a record of incidents investigated.
- inform victims and services who are competent for victims’ support and provides for interpreter if necessary.
- publish an annual report every January.
- provide surveillance of particular areas, with increased risk of racist attacks.

---

Source:

• Presidential Degree 132/2012 about the creation of departments and offices combating racist violence (11.12.2012), Download pdf

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There is no official data or evidence on this issue, although in certain areas with high concentration of migrants Police operates in a differentiated way than in others.

Qualitative Info

As it is reported in Pavlou M., Prearis K. (2010), RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU - Greece, HLHR-KEMO/i-RED, "in the occasion of anti-racist protests and marches they attacked protesters under the tolerance of the riot police (MAT). Video and photos published showed armed ‘Golden Dawn’ members throwing Molotov bombs and attacking protesters side by side with police officers."[1]

 

External Url http://www.i-red.eu/resources/publications-files/raxen-ts-2010_racist-hate-crimes-in-greece.pdf

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Yes

Qualitative Info

it is reported that public officials, police officers, coast guards, are among the most frequently reported alleged perpetrator groups throughout the years 2007-2010. Almost for half of the unofficially reported hate crimes perpetrators are allegedly public officers [1].

In a number of ECHR cases, Greece was found in violation of the Charter, for ill-treatment against mgirants and refugees and in many cases beatings, rape and racial violence by police or port guard officers were reported. Exemplary cases: CASE OF M.S.S. v. Belgium & Greece, Zontul vs Greece

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Source:

1. Pavlou M & Prearis K (HLHR-KEMO), 2010, RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU - Greece, http://www.red-network.eu/?i=red-network.en.library.195, Accessed on 24.2.2013.

 

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No official data/evidence for disproportionate problems in accessing justice faced by migrants/minorities exist; nevertheless, severe difficulties are reported by asylum seekers with regard to access to asylum procedures.

Qualitative Info

On the one hand, migrants/minorities face those difficulties that affect all, e.g. unreasonable time for the conclusion of procedures. Problems of language, restricted financial capacity, lack of knowledge and confidence of/on the judicial system can be reported as additional problems, but there is no official statistical evidence on that.

Source: Fundamental Rights Agency, Access to justice in Europe: an overview of challenges and opportunities, Country report: Greece. Available online at: http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/access-to-justice-2011-country-EL.pdf

On the other hand, in the case of asylum seekers, "there is a shocking absence of information either in early or later stages of an asylum application. As a result asylum seekers are not aware of their rights and obligations. Some asylum seekers ignored or misunderstood their status and time limits."

For more see: Pavlou M., Dourou-Ktistaki E., Papapantoleontos K., Djordjevic O., Nakasian M. (2010), RAXEN Thematic Study: The asylum-seekers’ perspective - Greece: Access to information and to effective remedies, HLHR-KEMO/i-RED.

External Url http://www.i-red.eu/resources/publications-files/raxen_thematic_study2010-asylum-greece.pdf

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No official data available; according to studies migrants are punished much more severely than Greeks.

Qualitative Info

According to the conclusions of a large-scale survey of the Department of Political Science and Public Administration of the University of Athens on 767 court cases related to narcotrafficking, foreigners are sentenced much more than Greeks: average years of sentence for Greeks, 5.21, while for foreigners, 9.18.

Source: Vassilis Lambropoulos, "Court decisions on the basis of colour! Migrants are double-sentenced in relation to Greeks for the same crimes" [Σε διπλάσια χρόνια φυλάκισης καταδικάζονται οι μετανάστες σε σχέση με τους Ελληνες και μάλιστα για τα ίδια αδικήματα], To Vima, 04/07/2009.   

 

External Url http://www.tovima.gr/politics/article/?aid=276769

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

The General Confederation of Greek Workers (GSEE), which is the largest trade union in the country, has participated, particularly through its Institute of Labour (INE-GSEE), in several European projects, such as EQUAL, Inter-Tie and Progress.

External Url http://www.inegsee.gr/eurwpaika-programmata.html

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

The General Confederation of Greek Workers (GSEE), which is the largest trade union in the country, has participated, particularly through its Institute of Labour (INE-GSEE), in several European projects, such as EQUAL, Inter-Tie and Progress.

In addition, in several Labour Centres throughout the country, there have been established Support Offices for Migrants and Refugees. Such structures have existed in almost all major cities: Athens, Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Patras and Volos. They provided services mainly with regards to working rights, but also on other issues:

• Information on working rights, labour contracts, social insurance, relevant institutions etc.
• Contact with relevant trade unions and migrant associations
• Help with regards to issue and renewal of residence permit procedure
• Escort to relevant institutions
• Information on relevant stakeholders regarding legal, health and education issues

Most of these initiatives were created within the context of European Union’s funded projects, such as the EQUAL initiative and stopped their functioning after the completion of the relevant projects.

 

External Url http://www.oss.inti.acidi.gov.pt/

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

Migrants tend to concentrate in urban areas where there is cheap housing available. Segregation patterns exist in specific areas of major cities, such as Athens inner-city amd certain central neighbourhoods of Thessaloniki.

See among others: Vaiou, D. (2010) “Gender, migration and socio-spatial transformations in Southern European cities”, in A. Pike, A. Rodríguez-Pose, J. Tomaney (eds) Handbook of Local and Regional Development, London: Routledge (pp. 470-482)

Maloutas T. (2010) Mobilité sociale et ségrégation à Athènes: Formes de séparatisme social dans un contexte de mobilité spatiale réduite, Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 184 : 2-21

Kokkali, I. (2010), "Spatial proximity and social distance: Alabanian migrants' invisble exclusions. Evidence from Greece", Paper prepared for presentation at the World Bank International Conference on Poverty and Social Inclusion in the Western Balkans (WBalkans 2010), Brussels, Belgium, December 14-15, 2010. Available on-line at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPPOVRED/Resources/ikokkalipaperWBWesternBalkans.pdf

 

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Although there is no official data available, migrants and particularly asylum seekers of African and Asian origin are more segregated than other groups.

Qualitative Info

Although there is no official data providing specific information on specific areas, the ethnic origin of the most segragated areas differ according to period of time and other circumstances. As Pavlou and Christodoulou suggest, "Albanian nationals, who constitute the largest proportion of the total immigrant population, appear to share residential space with Greeks. (...) On the other hand, immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe and from less developed Asian and African countries tend to concentrate in smaller communities, especially in the historical centre and in the outer zone of peripheral Attica’s sprawling urban areas, where unskilled foreign workers settle."

Pavlou M., Christopoulou N. (2008), Athens, City of Migrants, British Council – Living Together project.

External Url http://www.i-red.eu/resources/publications-files/athens-migrantcities-britishcouncil2008.pdf

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

Roma face high segregation patterns. All reports and studies conclude that Roma settlements are isolated from the wider urban tissue and housing and living standards are far below the societal average.

According to the National Committe for Human Rights (NCHR) 2009 report: ‘Roma usually settle, often for many years, on free real estate owned by the state, by municipalities and other public legal entities; and much more rarely on private land, tolerated or ignored by the owners or because of the latter’s inability to proceed to court measures’. According to the Greek Deputy Ombudsman for Quality of Life we interviewed: ‘the most important aspect of the situation […] is the indifference on behalf of the state, which simply tolerates the de facto existence of some populations on the periphery of some towns’.

See among others:

4th ECRI report on Greece (2009)

Pavlou M., Lykovardi K., Hormovitis D., Prokopi I. (2009), Housing Conditions of Roma in Greece: Vicious Circles & Consolidated Myths, HLHR-KEMO/i-RED - Project Framework: RAXEN

External Url http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_04/04_CbC_eng/GRC-CbC-IV-2009-031-ENG.pdf; http://www.i-red.eu/resources/publications-files/hlhr-kemo-i-red_romahousing_greece2009.pdf

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Roma.

Group Roma

Qualitative Info

All reports and studies conclude that Roma settlements are isolated from the wider urban tissue and housing and living standards are far below the societal average.

According to the National Committe for Human Rights (NCHR) 2009 report: ‘Roma usually settle, often for many years, on free real estate owned by the state, by municipalities and other public legal entities; and much more rarely on private land, tolerated or ignored by the owners or because of the latter’s inability to proceed to court measures’. According to the Greek Deputy Ombudsman for Quality of Life we interviewed: ‘the most important aspect of the situation […] is the indifference on behalf of the state, which simply tolerates the de facto existence of some populations on the periphery of some towns’.

See among others:

4th ECRI report on Greece (2009)

Pavlou M., Lykovardi K., Hormovitis D., Prokopi I. (2009), Housing Conditions of Roma in Greece: Vicious Circles & Consolidated Myths, HLHR-KEMO/i-RED - Project Framework: RAXEN

External Url http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_04/04_CbC_eng/GRC-CbC-IV-2009-031-ENG.pdf; http://www.i-red.eu/resources/publications-files/hlhr-kemo-i-red_romahousing_greece2009.pdf

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

The Roma case received the attention of the reports by various international human rights’institutions, as well as of the Greek Ombudsman, who in August 2009 published a special report after many years of investigations about the settlement of the civil, municipal status and registration of Roma as an underlying cause of their precarious housing conditions and the limited impact of housing policies.¹ As the ombudsman noted individuals who cannot provide evidence of their municipal status and ‘permanent residence’ in a municipality are blocked from accessing the government housing program of state guaranteed low or non interest loans. ‘This illustrates the contradiction inherent in the system which it sets out to assist those in need of housing it pushes to the margins those people that actually need this assistance.’

 

External Url http://www.synigoros.gr/diakriseis/pdfs_01/8289_3_Dimotologisi_Roma_Eidiki_Ekthesi.pdf

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Yes, there is evidence of de facto segregation.

Qualitative Info

Children attend schools according to their residence. In areas with high concentration of migrant population, schools are considered by the majority to be degraded and those parents who have the possibility send their children to private schools.  

According to Gregoriou, Z. (2010), Thematic Report “Intercultural Education” (WP5), GeMIC: Gender - Migration - Intercultural Interaction in South-East Europe, p. 59, "at the level of social practices, we observe the de facto segregation of public schools through the selective placement of Greek and migrant students in different school districts with a smaller or larger migrant population. In other words, Greek parents, as well as educational authorities, prefer to enroll Greek children in all-Greek rather than mixed schools, or, which amounts to the same effect, send them to private schools, which are, for socio-economic reasons, inaccessible to migrant families."

External Url http://www.gemic.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/WP5-Education-Synthesis-report.pdf

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Yes.

Qualitative Info

There are specific 'minority schools' for children of Muslim minority in western Thrace, which have been criticised for reproducing inequality for minority children.

Roma children remain at a great disadvantage with regard to education. As the 4th ECRI report on Greece notes, "there are cases of Roma children being separated from other children within the same school or in the vicinity thereof. In one case, the European Court of Human Rights deemed Greece in violation of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (prohibition of discrimination in the enjoyment of the rights contained in the Convention) in combination with Article 2 of Protocol 1 (right to education). ECRI has been informed that in Spata, where there was an initial refusal to register Roma children for school attendance, these children are currently attending school in a separate class to enable them to gradually adapt to the school environment."

External Url http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_04/04_CbC_eng/GRC-CbC-IV-2009-031-ENG.pdf

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There is no data available nor such evidence.

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Media professionals from migrant or minority groups in mainstream media are almost nonexistent.

Qualitative Info

Some young actors with migrant background appear in TV series, but no journalists from migrant or minority groups appear in mainstream media.

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Quite frequent.

Qualitative Info

Several studies have shown that representations against migrant and minorities are quite often in press and electronic media.

See among others:

Triantafyllidou, A. (2001), "Migrants, minorities and Greek media", in Kontochristou M. (ed.), Identity and Media in Contemporary Greece, Athens: Papazissis.

Pavlou, M (2001), "The 'smugglers' of fear: Racist discourse and Migrants in the press of a metropolitan candidate", in Marvakis, A., parsanoglou, D., Pavlou, M (eds.), Migrants in Greece, Athens: Ellinika Grammata.

Vlassidis, V. (2005), "Migrants and Media in the end of 20th century Greece", in Frangonicolopoulos, Ch. (ed.), Media, Society and Politics: Role and Function in Contemporary Greece, Athens: I. Sideris.

More recent data is provided by the 2010 RAXEN Thematic Study on Racist and related hate crimes in Greece, where the assessment of the situation is described as follows:

"Data on hate speech concern far right political and media discourse on immigrants and Jewish believers. ECRI report highlights the leader of LAOS (a far right-wing party which acquired 3% of the votes in the 2007 parliamentary elections), who “often makes public antisemitic and racist statements, including blaming immigrants for a surge of drug-related crimes and violence”. With regard to media discourse, ECRI report includes concerns of Jewish community representatives, who indicate that “the exacerbation of the conflict in the Middle East [has also given] rise to antisemitism in some Greek media”. In addition, CERD mentions other reports “on the propagation by certain organizations and media outlets of racist stereotypes and hate comments against persons belonging to different ethnic and racial groups”. (...) ECRI and CERD in their reports urge the Greek authorities to ensure the enforcement of Law 927/1979 in the matters of media and political discourse. The ECRI report recommends the enforcement of anti-racist law against “journalists and media who incite racial hatred” and “public figures who engage in racist discourse”."

 

External Url http://www.i-red.eu/resources/publications-files/raxen-ts-2010_racist-hate-crimes-in-greece.pdf

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No type of reliable data is available either by official or unofficial sources.

Qualitative Info

Nevertheless, certain trends and incidents are undoubtful:

The most frequent racist phenomena recorded in Greece are verbal insults or mocking and banners against athletes and/or fans on the basis of their ethnic or racial origin, as well as verbal and physical violent attacks on specific ethnic groups of fans in relation to sport events involving foreign athletes and/or teams, especially of neighbouring countries of Albania and Turkey.

A considerable presence of far-right groups in major sports, especially football, targeting specific ethnic groups, such as the Albanians, who constitute the most numerous migrant group in Greece. This is most visible at matches where the Greek National football team participates. Over the past years there have been cases of extensive violence and killings. One of the most striking and shocking aspects is the tolerance of such violence and its generalisation - through a ‘spill-over’ effect – leading to the use of violence also by other, non-militant right-wing groups of indigenous population against migrants.

There is no doubt that football as the major sport is where numerous and serious racist incidents occur. The violent incidents and killings reported in 2004 after the match between Albania and Greece is the tip of the iceberg of a long list of verbal and physical attacks, as well as of the proliferation of xenophobic, nationalist and even Nazi banners, salutations and slogans in football stadiums.

What is striking is that, depending on the moment and opportunity, similar violent incidents may contaminate basketball. For instance, the lack of any major success of the Greek national football team or of any tensions in football, may turn the interest of organised violent groups to basketball. Indicative is the case of Basketball World Championship 2006, when migrants were beaten once Greece lost in the finals. The incident of the most recent verbal insulting of a well known Afro-Greek basketball player is yet another example.

Source: Pavlou M.(ed.) authors: Pavlou M.-Parsanoglou D. - Djordjevic O. (2009), Racism in sport in Greece: Preventing racism, xenophobia & related intolerance in sport across the European Union, RAXEN: HLHR-KEMO/i-RED

External Url http://www.i-red.eu/?i=institute.en.publications.206

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Yes, but it has never been applied.

Qualitative Info

The only specific anti-racist rules and sanctions are provided by the Football Federation’s Disciplinary Code, amended in 2008 in order to comply with FIFA regulations. However, the Greek Federation chose not to fully harmonise its regulations as suggested by FIFA. It also included alleviating clauses allowing the effective non imposition of fines under exonerative circumstances.

Despite a number of notably violent racist incidents, no such crime has been reported or investigated as such, brought to or processed in the court on the basis of racist motivation and in enforcement of the anti-racist law (n.927/1979).

Sources:

Hellenic Football Federation (2008), Disciplinary Code, available on: http://www.epo.gr/kanonismoi/pdf/08_09/PEI8ARXIKOS_KODIKAS_2008.pdf

Pavlou M.(ed.) authors: Pavlou M.-Parsanoglou D. - Djordjevic O. (2009), Racism in sport in Greece: Preventing racism, xenophobia & related intolerance in sport across the European Union, RAXEN: HLHR-KEMO/i-RED

External Url http://www.epo.gr/kanonismoi/pdf/08_09/PEI8ARXIKOS_KODIKAS_2008.pdf; http://www.i-red.eu/?i=institute.en.publications.206

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